Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience

Overview of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience

In humans, the nervous system is a highly complex part that is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS mainly consists of nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body. Neurons and glia are basic units of the nervous system to perform a variety of functions. These functions emerge from the interaction of multiple signal molecules, ion channels, and other fine-tuning components. In this case, novel targets and pathways can be identified in both basic and complex neural mechanisms. These targets and pathways might play important roles for new drug discovery against a variety of neurological diseases.

Fig.1 Molecular and cellular neuroscience.

Molecular and cellular neuroscience is one of the fastest-growing branches of neuroscience. Focus on the research of genes, molecular signals, and cellular morphology, the basic information about the human brain and nervous system can be obtained. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of many pathological conditions can be better understood. In summary, research in cellular and molecular neuroscience is dedicated to understanding the brain at the molecular and cellular levels. The latest technologies and research progress will help provide novel treatment ideas and methods for neurodevelopmental diseases and neurodegenerative diseases.

Main Research Directions and Problems

• Generation and migration of neurons
• Form of synaptic connection
• Understanding of synapses function and plasticity
• The influence of genes on neuronal activity
• The molecular underpinnings of memory formation

Fig.2 Microarray for research of molecular and cellular neuroscience.

Applications of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience

• Gene expression profiling in neuronal subtypes
• Molecular studies of nerve regeneration
• Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

Research Methods for Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience

• Electrophysiology
• Calcium and voltage imaging in neuronal arrays
• Mass spectrometry
• Microarray quantifies the expression of many genes simultaneously
• Real-time PCR / Quantitative PCR
• Transgenic technology to study gene function

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